THE FORMATION OF BAPTISM: THE LEGACY OF JOHN SMYTH AND THE CONTEMPORARY RELIGIOUS CONTEXT

Abstract

This article examines the preconditions for the formation and theological foundations of Baptism, as well as the evolution of the religious views of John Smyth, who stood at the origins of the movement. The study highlights the influence of the socio-political context of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England on the emergence of Baptist congregations. Textual evidence indicates that, at the time of his self-baptism and the organization of the first Baptist congregation around 1609, Smyth still adhered to traditional Calvinist doctrines – election, reprobation, and original sin. By 1610, however, he openly rejected these tenets. The article traces the chronology and possible causes of this shift, with particular attention to Smyth’s interaction with the Waterlander Mennonites, which is presented as the main factor behind his doctrinal departure. Accordingly, it is argued – contrary to widespread opinion – that the first Baptist congregation was initially Calvinist in orientation but rapidly shifted under Arminian and Mennonite influence. The study systematically analyzes Smyth’s transition from Calvinism to Arminianism and subsequently to Mennonite influence, as well as his position on the doctrine of original sin. Furthermore, it explores the potential relevance of Smyth’s legacy for contemporary Baptism in Kazakhstan, focusing on the distinctive features of congregational beliefs, their historical development, and the internal classification of currents within the Baptist movement. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of historical sources, theological works, and testimonies of Baptists themselves regarding the subjective experience of salvation (the work of the Holy Spirit).